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Determination
Off to the Somme - Stemming the Enemy Onrush-Battle of Hamel
The German OnslaughtOn March 21st, the Germans attacked the front of the Fifth British Army in the Somme region. The tremendous number of enemy troops released from the Eastern Front by the collapse of the Russian forces, enabled him to launch an attack so fierce and powerful as to crumple up the forces opposing him on this part of the Somme Front selected by him for his attack.
It was also apparent that an attack on the Flanders Front was contemplated by our foes.
The Third Division was therefore moved in readiness to repel any attack on the Flanders Front, but suddenly this plan was altered. The movement of our Battalion was arrested on March 24th. The position on the Somme had become desperate. We received orders to immediately proceed southwards.
Accordingly at 8 o'clock on the morning of March 24th, we retraced our footsteps, arriving at Ecke at 10am. Here we found motor buses in readiness to transport us. We got away at 11.30 a.m. and travelled via Capelle, Cassell to Ebblinghem, where we alighted and marched to Lynde. Here our transport joined us. We were all billeted by 4 in the afternoon.
ARQUES
The next day, March 25th, we proceeded to Arques, a distance of seven miles. It was a strenuous march through the rain and considered a remarkably good performance. Arriving in the early hours of the morning, a scene of great animation and activity presented itself to our eyes. The town teemed with troops belonging to every unit of the 11th Brigade. Trains were running hours behind schedule. Bicycles and gear were to be seen hanging between trucks and in a few instances, on top of them. We ate our meals in the streets and slept on the roadside, feeling thankful for the slightest shelter that was available.
OFF TO THE SOMME
At length, at 8 o'clock on March 26th, we entrained, leaving one hour later for Doullens, which town was reached at 3 in the afternoon. Anxiously awaiting the arrival of troops were Marshal Foch and Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, who had been attending that historic and momentous conference at which Marshal Foch was appointed to the supreme command of the Allied Armies.
After detraining, little time was lost. We marched off gaily singing "It's a Long Way to Tipperary," amidst wild cheers of congested throngs of French refugees. Pressing on, we reached a place called Thievres at midnight. Here we had a brief spell and partook of a drink of hot tea. We were unable to occupy the billets that had been allotted to us for the simple reason that the territory was apparently in the hands of the enemy.
THE RETREAT OF THE BRITISH FIFTH ARMY
The scene that unfolded itself was one of the utmost confusion. We saw retreating troops of the Fifth Army intermingled with hundreds of French civilian refugees, thronging the highway and seriously impeding our forward movement. To make matters worse, a rumour got into circulation that German armoured cats were approaching, and that they were only three miles away. Those supposed armoured cars turned out to be merely a collection of agricultural machines, which a noisy tractor was doing its best to save.
A more pitiable sight could not be imagined than the plight of those unfortunate refugees who had evacuated their beautiful homes and flourishing farms, or had abandoned their businesses and property to the tender mercy of whomsoever chanced to come along.
There were old men, women and children, wheeling barrows on which had been hastily thrown the only possessions they were able to save. There were aged couples, in carts piled with bedding and household chattels, behind which was tethered a cow or perhaps two or more. Others just carried a small bundle containing but a few clothes and a little food.
Hopelessly mixed up with all this movement towards the rear, was a steady stream of guns of all types and calibre's, farm wagons, threshing machines, lorries, and service wagons.
The French refugees, whose eyes during the past few days had become used to gazing with hopeless despair upon retreating troops, were spellbound at the contrasting sight of Australian troops in full fighting kit, swinging along, joking, smoking and laughing, with bands playing, marching in perfect order, forward and onward to meet the advancing enemy.
Inspired with new hope these poor souls stopped their retreat as they frantically cheered us and waved us on with cries of "Vive les Australiens!'
We remained but one hour in Thievres, and then marched on for another mile and a-half when we were met by omnibuses which took us on to Franvilliers, situated on the main road to Amiens, arriving at 5 a.m. on March 27th. Here we alighted and marched on to Heilly, and were met by the Brigadier. Orders were immediately received to take up a defensive line between Mericourt and Sailly le See with the River Somme on our right flank.
THE DIVISIONAL COMMANDER'S COMMENTS
Our Divisional Commander, General Sir John Monash, was at Franvilliers in a state of intense suspense and expectancy. "My anxiety was relieved," Sir John Monash has written, "when a convoy of thirty buses arrived crowded with the staunch, reliable troops of the 11th Infantry Brigade.The spectacle of that Infantry," he continues, "will be ever memorable to me as one of the most inspiring sights of the whole war". Here was the Third Division, the 'New Chum' Division, which in spite of its great successes in Belgium and Flanders had never been able to boast like its sister Divisions that it had been 'down on the Somme' come into its own at last, and called upon to prove its mettle.
No one who saw those Battalions, in spite of the fatigue of two sleepless nights, marching on that clear crisp morning, with head erect and the swing and precision of a Royal Review Parade, could doubt that not a man of them would flinch from any assault that was likely to fall on them. Nor was there a man who did not fully grasp that upon him and his companions was about to fall the whole responsibility of frustrating the German attack to capture Amiens and separate the Allied Armies.
SAILLY LE SEC
At Heilly we dumped our packs and assumed "fighting order!' The companies marched out in platoons at intervals and advanced to their respective positions. Although we had not known a hot meal for forty-eight hours and did not know when we were likely to get one, our spirits were of the best. Some of the men, being good scouts, looked around and discovered good food awaiting them. The inhabitants of the village having fled hurriedly, the meals they had spread and intended to eat, had been left upon the tables undisturbed, and so it happened, many an aching void that had taken possession of a 42nd stomach was relieved by this timely, welcome, and unexpected turn of Providence.
The River Ancre was crossed, and at about noon the village of Sailly le See was reached. Here we dug ourselves in. What little defence existed at the time of our arrival was furnished by remnants of the 9th Highland Regiment and cavalry outposts of the Queen's Bays.
The front held by the 42nd Battalion was roughly 2,000 yards. The cavalry in action could be discerned on the ridge between the rivers Ancre and Somme. They worked wonders in keeping the enemy at bay and by gaining information by patrolling.
An old-time system, made by the French at the beginning of the War, was converted into trenches, which were fairly good although dugouts were somewhat crude. The materials for making them we obtained from houses in the deserted village. A sheet of iron from one, a door from another. From others floorboards, straw, cushions, and even bedding. These all went to make our trench residences more homelike.
Our fighting in Northern France and Flanders had been associated mainly with mud and at the best, uninteresting tunnels, saps and labyrinths of trenches. But here was a contrast. We could not help comparing, unconsciously perhaps, our previous experiences with this countryside of such marvellous beauty. The scenes over which our operations were now taking place consisted of green fields, wheat crops, and prolific cultivation. Sheep and cattle, abandoned by their owners in their hurried exodus, browsed unconcernedly before our trenches.
Here we found no shell-holes, nor craters to disturb and despoil the contour of the landscape. Free from shrieking shells and the ceaseless rattle of machine-guns, the place possessed an aspect of serenity and peace rather than that of the crash and din of battle.
The village of Sailly le See on being explored was found to contain some very fine houses, well kept, and excellently furnished. In most of them paintings, statuary, and family treasures abounded. The Mairie, or residence of the Mayor, stood out conspicuously. In this was installed, a piano of splendid appearance.
But it was in the cellars that our men discovered treasures more to their taste. Never had they seen such an abundance of wine. More plentiful than water. In fact there was no water in the water bottles whilst supplies of wine hung out, and every available vessel capable of holding liquid was utilised for carrying away the luscious beverage.
With poultry, eggs, sheep, pigs, and wine all to be had for the taking, the men of the 42nd had the time of their lives-but joy, at any time, is but fleeting-and particularly was it so in this instance. Before we had time to realise it, we were back at our job of fighting, and Sailly le See gradually became reduced to ruins.
SHRAPNEL GULLY
Next day, March 28th, we consolidated our position, and whilst doing so, carried out diligent and intensive patrolling.
One of our patrols encountered a German patrol of five, of whom they killed four and wounded one, who was brought in. This was the first of the numerous prisoners captured by us in the newly established line. Two more prisoners were brought in later on in the evening. We sniped a considerable number of the enemy before the Front Line occupied by B Company. During the night the enemy was quiet, but we received information in a message dropped by one of our aeroplanes that the enemy was massing for an attack.
With the exception of four eighteen-pounder guns of the Royal Horse Artillery, which had to cover the front of the entire Brigade, our operations up to this time had been unsupported by artillery. It was, therefore, a great relief to us to learn that our Third Divisional Artillery was gradually coming up and getting into action immediately upon arrival.
Our field cookers resumed business operations on March 29th. We were thus enabled to partake of hot meals once again.
The enemy's artillery resources were evidently accumulating, for on March 30th he became very active. Starting with a bombardment of Hamel on our right flank, at 10.30 a.m., using gas shells and high explosive, he next opened up on Bouzancourt, raining shells of all calibre's upon that village.
THE GERMANS ATTACK OUR NEW LINE
At noon, our Front Line was subjected to severe shelling. It was quite obvious that a massed attack was imminent. After a few minutes hesitation the enemy began to advance.
Waves of enemy troops came steadily forward from Sailly Laurette on the south to the Corbie-Bray Road on the north, but all his assaults were frustrated. By midday the first phase of the attack, which was launched against our entire Front Line, had been held up by our machine-gun, Lewis-gun and rifle fire, and very shortly our defence was strengthened by the arrival of the Third Divisional Artillery, which immediately upon receiving word of the German attack, galloped gallantly into action, unlimbered the guns and poured devastating volleys into the advancing masses of troops.
The enemy gained about 400 yards of territory, which was not to his advantage for it brought his troops within range of our Infantry weapons. At 2.15 p.m. another general advance on the whole Front was attempted. Reinforcements were hurried by the enemy across the ridges. He attempted to advance his entire line, but so intense was the concentration of fire brought to bear upon the assaulting troops that the attack was completely repulsed.
In spite of heavy shelling and the immense number of troops hurled against us, the morale of the 42nd was never at a higher pitch. Men were actually laying wagers in francs as to which of them would be the first to hit a specified German.
Soon after 3 o'clock the enemy evidently realised the hopelessness of making any further progress. He began to dig-in for cover, in isolated positions, but when sunset arrived his intention to evacuate became obvious. Small parties of troops were seen dribbling away to the rear. His concentration of troops was gradually withdrawn. Due to the dull visibility which existed when the sun went down it was not possible to observe all the enemy's movements, but the continual progress of his troops from front to rear appeared to signify that he had no intention of holding the position in force. This conclusion on our part was verified during the night, when our patrols discovered that, with the exception of south of Sailly Laurette, the enemy had established a new Line.
It is estimated that at least a full Brigade of enemy troops attacked on the front occupied by the 42nd Battalion, and no less than 500 casualties were inflicted on the attackers. His wounded were heard moaning throughout the night, and were to be seen in considerable numbers when daylight broke.
Thus were broken up two very definite attacks on a large scale. Every attempt of smaller units to rush forward was utterly frustrated.
Throughout the attack our men were well supplied with ammunition. As a result of their victory, they appreciated more than ever the value of the rifle and the conservation of ammunition.
ENEMY MACHINE GUNNERS
With his most advanced troops, the enemy invariably had light machine-guns. These were worked in groups of four. The crews could be seen distinctly in the advance also when setting up a position. In consequence, they were subjected to a great deal of fire, yet they worked fearlessly in a most aggressive manner. They were responsible for at least 50 per cent of our casualties. Our stretcher-bearers, runners, signallers, carrying parties, and so forth, suffered severely from this cause. During the enemy's withdrawal, these machine-gunners were, if anything, more savage than during the attack. They were the last troops to be withdrawn, with the exception of the snipers.
OUR WORK APPRECIATED BY THE GENERAL STAFF
Our runners, signallers, and liaison patrols kept the Battalion well supplied with all necessary and vital information.
All ranks received high commendation for the splendid work performed on this occasion, special mention was made of the reconnaissance work of the Adjutant, and of the capable observation maintained by the Intelligence Officer during the battle.
Ten other ranks received special mention and were recommended for various distinctions and awards, which were in due course conferred. There was, however, one instance of an N.C.O., who, at a time when so large a number of heroic acts and brave deeds were being performed, was particularly singled out and recommended for the Distinguished Conduct Medal. His bravery was conspicuous, and yet he did not receive the coveted award for he did not survive the serious wounds he received, and the distinction, not being posthumous, could not be awarded. The facts relative to the recommendation may well be recorded here, in order to exemplify that bravery, heroism, comradeship, and devotion to duty from which sprang "The Spirit of the Forty-second."
"On the evening of March 28, this sergeant was sent out with two sections to establish two observation posts in the face of the enemy.
When leaving our Line, the party was observed by the enemy and heavily shelled. The sergeant was stunned by a shell which exploded within a few feet of him. On regaining consciousness, he led the party out and successfully established his posts, and in course of so doing came under heavy fire from two machine-guns.
"Later in the evening, the post was rushed by an enemy party of seven. Allowing them to approach to within bombing distance, he ordered his men to 'fire,' with the result that all of the enemy were either killed or taken prisoner.
'Notwithstanding the proximity of the enemy, the posts were held until the stipulated time had elapsed, the men were then cleverly withdrawn without a casualty.
"It was imperative that the posts should be held in order to cover the approach of a large advance. The coolness, bravery, and skilful leadership displayed brought the enterprise to a successful issue
"On the following day, this same NCO- seeing two enemy scouts approaching our Line, went out and waylaid them. He shot one and took the other prisoner.
"Throughout his long service with the Battalion he proved himself a skilful, fearless leader who had shown an excellent example to his men
WE CARRY ON
We now set to work to strengthen our lines of defence. Dugouts were improved and we made it reasonably safe for our travelling cookers and ration limbers to draw right up as far as Battalion Headquarters.
Our patrols continued to be very active and established themselves as "masters of No Man's Land.
A lull in the fighting operations started on March 31st. We then found the Australian Fifth Division to be on our right flank, alongside the River Somme. The Fifth Division had taken over part of the line which had been held by our A Company.
HEILLY
On April 1st, we went out of the line for a little while, our relief was completed by midnight, without any Interference on the part of the enemy. We bivouacked in the valley north of the village of Vaux, having the 43rd Battalion on our left flank, and the 52nd Battalion on our right, over the Somme River.
Our headquarters were at Heilly, in an old brickfield. Nearby was a tall chimney-stack that was used by the enemy as a registering mark for his gunners. The brickfield in consequence became a very unhealthy spot. There was, however, a wood close handy, where a deep gravel pit existed. This place was tunnelled by us, and there our headquarters were safely established.
Our working parties never ceased operating. They were occupied in a variety of ways, among which was the building of emplacements for anti-aircraft guns.
The enemy, on April 4th advanced on the British line in the vicinity of Hamel, then held by British Regiments, which were driven out of their trenches at 11 o'clock in the morning.
Our artillery was so placed, however, that heavy enfilade fire could be poured on the advancing enemy, and great execution was done to his troops.
Our observation from the high ground enabled us to view the entire enemy operation. It was some time before we could grasp and realise the fact that British troops were actually withdrawing from before Hamel Village and Bouzancourt, immediately on our right flank. By this, the enemy was allowed to make a gain of 3000 yards, which brought him to the eastern outskirts of Villers-Bretonneux, a gain which three months later cost the Australian Forces a supreme effort in order to compel him to surrender it.
The possibility of such a withdrawal from these positions had not been overlooked by our generals. A Battalion of the 15th Australian Infantry Brigade was protecting the canal and River Somme and bridges from Bouzancourt to Corbie. A strong protective flank was thus provided for our positions north of the river.
Our A Company, which was attached to the 44th Battalion, sustained some casualties along the Somme Canal and between Sailly le See and Vaux.
The next day, April 5th it rained heavily. A fierce attack was launched on the Australian Fourth Divisional troops opposite Dernancourt, where they occupied the high ground. After severe fighting, during which heavy losses were inflicted upon the enemy, he was completely repulsed.
It was well for us that he did not succeed for had he captured those heights, the whole Third Division must have inevitably been withdrawn. Our working parties were engaged digging reserve line trenches m the vicinity of the Corbie-Bray Road, during which they were subjected to shelling by high explosive mixed with gas due to which several casualties were sustained
We had the satisfaction of seeing an enemy plane brought down near to our bivouac. Both pilot and observer were killed.
ACTIVITY IN THE AIR
Aerial combats now became a frequent source of' excitement to us. Up to this time the enemy had adopted a sort of passive defence, but now he suddenly completely reversed his attitude. On April 6th he made a determined effort to obtain mastery of the air. He had very dubious success, for when he sent several tri-planes they were immediately attacked by our own planes. There was great excitement as three planes were seen to fall in flames. Two others were shot down while many others were compelled to make forced landings. The losses, unfortunately, were not confined to the enemy for a few of those disabled planes happened to belong to US.
TRENCH FEET
On April 7th, we took over from the 44th Battalion and were supported on the left by the 43rd whilst on our right, over the Somme River was the 49th Battalion of the Fourth Australian Division. The 44th Battalion left two platoons behind which were attached to us for the time being.
Although the weather was cold and wet and we were without cover of any description overhead- it was really wonderful how cheerful we were under such adverse conditions.
Foot trouble, or trench feet as it was generally termed, was somewhat prevalent at this time and strict orders were issued by Divisional Headquarters to the effect that our men must have their feet rubbed and every precaution taken to prevent the spreading of the complaint. We continued to hold the line until April 13th when we retired to the valley north of Vaux for a brief respite. During our occupancy of the line we had two trench mortars installed on our front and a new dugout was started in Shrapnel Alley for future Battalion Headquarters.
NEWS OF THE FALL OF ARMENTIERES
Whilst we were holding up the German advance in the Somme area, the enemy's anticipated attack on the Flanders Front eventuated. The lull in operations which had occurred in our region enabled him to transfer his attentions to the northern sector, where he carried out his efforts with considerable success.
Armentieres had fallen into his hands and he was rapidly advancing on Bailluel.
Our First Australian Division, which had reached the Somme only a few days earlier, was hurriedly despatched to the north again in an endeavour to stem the advance of the enemy towards the Channel Ports. Our gallant comrades carried out their mission with the utmost success, and thus again were German aspirations frustrated by Australian troops.
Nevertheless, it caused us many pangs of keen regret when we learnt of the large amount of territory the enemy had re-taken. We should not have been human had we been otherwise than enraged when we contemplated how vain had been rendered all the vast amount of energy we had expended on defences. We thought of the miles of barbed-wire entanglements we had laid; the concrete dugouts we had built, the gun positions we had erected. All these works we had performed to defend the ground desperately won at the expense of lives of some of our best friends and comrades.
COMPANY COMMANDER KILLED
Whilst out of the line a serious misfortune happened to the Battalion. The enemy, indulging in one of his regular "area shoots" was on April 16th, searching for our artillery positions in the vicinity of our Battalion. Stray shells caused us some casualties, and resulted in the death of the highly-esteemed and very capable Commander of D Company, when on his way to Battalion Headquarters
TRENCH WARFARE AGAIN
We returned to the trenches at Sailly le Sec on April 19. Our activities now dwindled down to the old familiar "trench warfare." But living in this new system of trenches did not, however, seem so monotonous to us as did the trench life in Flanders and other places in Northern France where we had sojourned for just on eighteen months previously.
Still, back again came the same old routine of "working parties," bearing in its train the same old fatigues of carrying, wiring, digging and filling sandbags.
SMALL RAIDING PARTIES
We now began to make the enemy very "jumpy" by employing a system of continuous raiding. His nervousness was apparent from the extravagant use he made of his Verey lights.
Our raiding parties consisted of only 1 officer and 20 other ranks. These raids were supported by an artillery barrage which commenced as an "area shoot," and subsequently developed into a light "box-barrage," which covered the particular enemy post to be raided. Under cover of the noise and confusion the small raiding party rushed the post, took prisoner all who surrendered and killed those who resisted.
FURTHER AERIAL ACTIVITY
April 21st was a day of great aerial activity, and witnessed the ending of the career and exploits of the most intrepid of all the enemy's airmen, namely, Baron Von Richthofen. According to the 11th Brigade records, he was brought down and killed by fire from Lewis gunners of the Fourth Australian Division.
BONNAY
Some considerable time had now elapsed since we had enjoyed the luxury of regular baths. We greatly appreciated, therefore, the novelty of going to the newly established baths which were situated in the village of Bonnay. But no sooner had we started a revival of cleanly habits than the village became subjected to particularly heavy shelling. On April the 24th, high explosive shells mixed with gas were sent over by the enemy in such profusion and density as to force our B Echelon, which established at Bonnay, to hurriedly evacuate and take up a defensive position North of the River Ancre.A rain of shells fell on the entire Battalion area. Starting at 6 a.m. the bombardment inflicted casualties upon us to the extent of 12 killed and 35 wounded. This was the prelude to an attack in force by the enemy, which, however, did not fall on our part of the line.
VILLERS-BRETONNEUX
It was Villers-Bretonneux that the enemy attacked and gained possession of. At that time it was held by a weak and exhausted British Regiment. But the Germans were not permitted to remain long in their newly-acquired domain, for at 10 o'clock that same night, the 13th and 14th Australian Brigades counter-attacked and succeeded in recapturing all the ground which had been lost earlier in the day. When dawn broke next day, which happened to be the third anniversary of Anzac Day, it found Australian troops in full possession of the town of Villers-Bretonneux.
But the enemy did not abandon all hope of re-taking this important strategic position, until he had made repeated costly but unsuccessful attempts. In spite of all his many efforts, Villers-Bretonneux remained in our hands until the termination of the War.
Hence onwards, until the end of April we experienced a somewhat quiet time, that is, quiet to what we were used to.
We saw very few Germans, but it was quite evident they did not fail to see us, for we sustained several losses due to enemy snipers.
We went to a new sector on April 25th where we carried on extensive patrolling until relieved in that location by the 33rd Battalion, and then we marched to a bivouac, prior to going to La Houssaye for a rest. Earlier in the month our strength was 51 officers and 1008 other ranks. This was reduced at the end of the month to 49 officers and 967 other ranks.
A WELL EARNED RESPITE
At the beginning of the month of May, it was decided that all units of the Third Division should be withdrawn for a brief rest. Ever since the momentous rush down to the Somme from Northern France, which started on March 22nd, our Battalion had been continuously employed.
Accordingly, at dusk on May 1st, we moved out en route for La Houssaye, which village was reached at midnight, when we billeted and partook of a most appreciated meal.
The route traversed was an emergency track over the River Ancre, East of Bonnay.
We spent several days in La Houssaye during which a good deal of attention was given to further training, for whilst in the line for any length of time ordinary routine was relaxed, and this rendered it necessary for us to get into training again at the earliest possible moment
Our Heads saw to it that this matter was seldom, or rather never, overlooked.
The weather was excellent and we were in the best of spirits. Although some considerable time had elapsed since we had openly paid attention to our religious duties most of us had in privacy given much time and thought in this direction. Sunday, May 5th gave us the opportunity of attending a church parade, which was availed of by practically every man.
But we had no sooner got used to La Houssaye and began to like the place than we were ordered to prepare to move off. Accordingly we left La Houssaye behind or May 9th at 11 in the morning. Querrieu was our destination. We halted on the way there at a place called Pont Noyelles.
We took over billets from the 25th Australian Battalion at 7 p.m., and for a few days spent our time as pleasantly as conditions would allow. We indulged in the usual training and had many sports gatherings when various competitions and races excited considerable interest.
BOIS VABBE (ABBEY WOOD) VILLERS-BRETONNEUX
We were inspected on May 17th by the Commander-in-Chief of the British Forces, General Sir Douglas Haig, who expressed himself favourably impressed by the men of the 11th Brigade.
The following day we were on the move again and established ourselves in the La Houssaye switch line. Here we remained until the 20th of May, when we received orders to march to the now famous town of Villers-Bretonneux. We left at 1.30 p.m., travelling through Daours and eventually relieved the 15th Battalion in reserve lines at 10 p.m. Our headquarters were established at La Motte-Brebiere. We were employed in improving the defences of the support and communicating trenches.
On May 23rd, our front line was advanced by digging a succession of posts. Our A Company relieved a company of the Pioneer Battalion in the town defences of Villers-Bretonneux and, for the time being, came under the command of the O.C. 44th Battalion.
SERIOUS GAS ATTACKS
The next day, May 24th a heavy artillery duel was heard coming from the direction of Albert. The following day we were subjected to the severest and most serious gas attack in our experience.
It started at 5.30 p.m., when the enemy shelled our positions with mustard gas. For fully half an hour he poured it in. A few hours later, at 8.30, the gas bombardment recommenced and lasted for three hours. A heavy concentration of gas pervaded the atmosphere, which caused the wearing of gas masks to be imperative and continuous. Whilst these gas-shells were coming over to us in such profusion, a very considerable number of high explosive shells were directed by the enemy on to the roads, rendering the movement of all transport a most hazardous undertaking. This naturally caused much delay in the bringing up of rations to the companies in the line. They were eventually delivered at mid-night.
Our C Company was in the defences of Villers-Bretonneux, whilst the remaining companies were employed as working parties. Next day the gas bombardment was renewed and lasted for at least three hours. For over eight hours we had worn our gas masks, consequently it was impossible for us to get any sleep. In spite of being thus harassed we had only seven casualties, but it was when we got to our shelters that the effect of the gas became apparent.
As the day wore on, the heat of the sun drew out the fumes that had accumulated among the trees in the wood. A choppy wind then sprang up which drove clouds of gas constantly towards the sleeping men, who on awakening found their eyes very badly affected. As time passed the ill effects increased. Another cause of the casualties was that uniforms had become absolutely saturated with the gas which permeated the atmosphere. During the night, whilst they slept- the men inhaled fumes from their impregnated clothing- Even the doctor's orderly, who had been nowhere near the scene of the gassing, became a casualty, having inhaled a quantity of gas by merely bending over and attending to the men who were being evacuated. At the end of the day, every officer and man of A and B Companies bivouacked in the Valley, had to be evacuated.
On May 27th our numbers were so depleted that it was necessary to form a composite company.
We relieved the 44th Battalion in the line. D Company took over with C Company and the Composite Company in supports, and on May 28th we were in the line astride Villers-Bretonneux.
There was not a great deal of shelling in the forward areas, though our Headquarters were subjected to a heavy "Straafe" during the evening.
FRENCH ZOUAVES
Up to this time we had not met any French with the exception of those we became acquainted with when "On Leave," or in the estaminets. In the Sector we now occupied, we came across many of them They were called Zouaves. They came around to exchange with us, but as they could not talk our language and in spite of the months we had been in France our knowledge of French was still limited to a jargon known as 'Digger French," it was not possible to hold lengthy conversations. Yet withal, a mutual understanding and appreciation was established in semi-silence between these French troops and ourselves, far more eloquent than words could have achieved.
IN THE QUARRY
Our location on May 29th was known as "The Quarry," and whilst here two German soldiers walked into our lines, having lost their bearings. We naturally made them prisoners to which they appeared to have not the slightest objection.
We made improvements in our outpost lines by connecting the posts and placing fire-bays therein.
During the last two days of the month of May, Villers-Bretonneux was subjected to severe shelling, demolishing many of the buildings which had thus far escaped serious injury. The enemy artillery received all they were looking for in the way of "reciprocity" at the hands of our Australian gunners.
Maj. GENERAL GELLIBRAND TAKES COMMAND of the THIRD DIVISION
On May 30th, General Monash, who up to this time was in command of the Third Australian Division, assumed command of the newly formed Australian Army Corps, thence onward the Third Division became under the command of Major-General Gellibrand.
In his farewell order to the Third Division General Monash states:
"I find it impossible to give adequate expression to my feelings of gratitude towards all ranks for the splendid and loyal support which you have at all times accorded me"
"It is my earnest hope, and also my sincere conviction, that the fine spirit and the high efficiency will be maintained under the leadership of my successor, Brigadier-General Gellibrand, and if the men of the Division feel, as I trust they do, an obligation to perpetuate for my sake, the traditions built up by them, they can do so in no better way than by rendering to him a service as thorough and a support as loyal as I have been privileged to enjoy at their hands".
"In formally wishing the Division Good-bye and' Good Luck, I wish simply, but none the less sincerely, to thank you one and all for all you have done."
JUNE 1918
The month of June was somewhat of a contrast to those months which had preceded it. Had we but known, we might have regarded the period as "the calm which presages a storm." The weather throughout was remarkably good.
During the first four days we were engaged in front of Villers-Bretonneux our A Company was now a Composite Company. The 49th Battalion had a company supporting us on the right and another company in charge of the defences of the town. This arrangement was rendered necessary on account of the serious number of casualties, which were inflicted upon us by gas on May 26th.
On the second day of the month the enemy gave us another taste of gas. This time it was phosgene that he put over. No less than two thousand rounds of this gas fell in the area occupied by us. It was remarkable that no casualties eventuated there from.
Visited by the PRIME MINISTERS of FRANCE and AUSTRALIA
We this day received a visit from Monsieur Clemenceau, the Prime Minister of France. He accompanied our own Prime Minister of Australia the Right Honourable William Morris Hughes, familiarly known to the troops as Billy Hughes, who subsequently addressed us and complimented us upon our fine work and morale, making generous promises of rest and comforts that were to come our way
Just before midnight of June 4th, we were relieved and whilst the operation was in progress our approaches to and from the line were severely strafed. Eventually we arrived at our new location, which was a railway cutting known as "Number 28," and here our Battalion became part of a reserve brigade. We enjoyed the luxury of frequent bathing in the River Somme, but training and the everlasting "fatigues" and working parties continued unabated. We remained in this locality until the twenty-third day of the month when we relieved the 40th Battalion in Abbey Wood, our Headquarters being at what was called "The White Chateau."
After a lapse of a few days we were in turn relieved on the 27th, on which day our Battalion Commander, who had been acting Brigadier-General, returned to the Battalion.
We marched to the Reserve Brigade Area at Blangy Tronville, prior to setting out for Allonville Wood on the following day. Owing to the frequency of bombing attack, at Allonville, it was found necessary to sink all bivouacs at least two feet below the surface to afford shelter from the fragments of metal.
THE TANKS AND THE YANKS
The two final days of the month brought us face to face with two factors in the War with which we had hitherto little or no experience. These were The Tanks and The Yanks.
To the Tanks we were introduced on June 29th. In the quiet little village of Vaux, situated in a pleasant valley, north-west of Amiens, the tanks were made to go through their performances. They demonstrated to us what might be expected of them. As we got better acquainted with these monsters, so our confidence in them increased. We gradually grew more familiar with the habits of these strange, uncanny huge masses of mechanism and placed reliance on their support.
As for the Yanks, our first glimpse of the American Army came along with the last day of the month. A few platoons of Yanks reported to us for experience to enable them to take part in the next stunt. They exhibited great keenness and were appreciative listeners. The strength of the Battalion had by this time dwindled down to 33 officers and 669 other ranks. Also see ANZACS & ARMOUR
| The
American army magazine Stars and Stripes
printed the following:
THE DIGGERS Without exception, the Aussies all hope to be sent home "by the other way so that we can see America". We hope they will be sent home that way if they want to. Besides wishing to have them see America- which we are pardonably proud of - we should like to have America see them. |
PREPARATIONS FOR THE BATTLE OF HAMEL
When July dawned it found the 42nd Battalion busily engaged organising and preparing for the stunt which we instinctively knew would be carried out very shortly. Our new friends, the Yanks, had been taken over in lorries to Vaux-sur Somme, in order to let them get acquainted with the tanks.
On July 2nd, we abandoned our "homes" in the rest area at Allonville, and marched via Querrieu and Pont Noyelles to Bussey le Daours where we had a hot meal. After a couple of hours rest we continued the journey to the line, marching through Daours and then alongside the Somme until the village of Hamlet was reached. Here we were met by guides who directed us into the Hamel sector.
Our occupation was completed by midnight. Battalion Headquarters were established in Shrapnel Gully in conjunction with the 46th Battalion. Next day, the 3rd of July, we were resting in the trenches. Hot meals were supplied to us, but on account of the forthcoming operation, which was to be sprung as a complete surprise upon the enemy, movement of every description had to be reduced to a minimum.
AMERICAN TROOPS WITHDRAWN
It was the general belief, that as a compliment to our American Allies, the day chosen for the assault would probably be July 4th, American Independence Day. This surmise turned out to be correct. It was, therefore- a sore disappointment to us when we learnt that three out of the five companies of U.S.A. troops, which had been attached to our 11th Brigade, would not take part. But we could not blame the men who comprised those companies for they were, if possible, even more disappointed than we, for this was to have been their first real battle but orders had to be obeyed.
This alteration of plans necessitated more than a considerable amount of readjustment of troops. Here at the eleventh hour, the attacking force had to be reorganised at practically a moment's notice. The withdrawal of these 750 men left the Brigade with only 2200 men instead of just on 3000 as had been expected
Only four platoons of Americans took part with our Battalion in the Hamel stunt. A composite company had to be made up, hastily from our C Echelon in order to replace the American troops which had been withdrawn. The front allotted to the 42nd Battalion was from the south bank of the Somme to the road north of Hamel.
THE BATTLE OF HAMEL
The whole offensive was under the charge of General McLagan of the 4th Division. One brigade each from the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Divisions took part. The 11th Brigade was chosen from the 3rd Division.
As soon as darkness permitted the assembly, tapes were laid down by our scout officer, and at 2 am- the entire Battalion was on the line without the slightest hitch. Preparations were all complete, and the remaining time, up to zero hour was reasonably quiet, excepting that at eight minutes prior to zero hour, our artillery put up a tremendously heavy harassing fire upon all the enemy positions.
This was all part of a plan. For several nights past, our artillery had been sending over a regular and organised "shoot" which must have created in the mind of the enemy that it was just one of our bad habits. On this occasion, however, the roar of our guns was utilised as a means of drowning the noise of the tanks as they took up their positions.
Waiting in No-man's Land on assembly lines was always a time of tension. Our men well knew the danger and seriousness of the work to be carried out, and that upon their silence depended the success of the enterprise. Cigarettes were rolled, during these anxious moments, and immediately the order to advance was given, matches were struck, cigarettes puffed, as the troops went forward courageously and unperturbed.
On July 4th, at 3.10 a.m. our offensive opened with a mighty artillery barrage, which fell in No-man's Land, 400 yards east of our front line. The whole atmosphere seemed almost alight with gun flashes. Immediately the artillery started the harassing fire, the tanks began to move forward from their assembly point and Continued the movement whilst the guns were roaring, so that by zero time they were well forward. In all thirty-five tanks were employed; thirty-three fighters and two supply tanks.
The barrage crept up in lifts up to 600 yards beyond the objective, where it remained for one hour.
No sooner had the barrage lifted than we all went forward with confidence as though going on a route march, and this greatly amused our companions from America. By the time we had made our first halt, the tanks were well up with us. They then went forward in advance, attacking machine-gun positions and other strong points.
Whilst this was transpiring, an enemy tank appeared upon the scene. It made for one of our tanks which had been partially disabled. When quite close, the enemy tank brought its gun into action, and missed. Our tank turned in time to avoid trouble, just as another of our tanks came to its rescue, bumping the Hun tank severely and setting it on fire. The Hun tank, much discomforted, made a bolt for it and scooted hurriedly to the rear of Accroche Wood, where it was last seen in a badly burnt condition.
The work of our tanks was astonishing. No obstacle could impede their progress. It was soon discovered that it was possible for infantry commanders to speak to the tanks, and direct their movements towards strong points which were holding up the infantry. Their antics were most amusing, especially so the spectacle of one of them rounding up parties of the enemy who had been sheltering in shell-holes, and then sending them back as prisoners.
During our advance, several enemy machine-guns caused trouble. In one instance, three members of one of our Lewis-gun crews were knocked out. One of the crew who was uninjured, out-flanked the German machinegun, and by the aid of Mills bombs and his bayonet, succeeded in getting the entire enemy machine-gun crew.
In another instance, a party went to attack a heavy machine-gun which was causing us much trouble. Just as the job was about completed, the officer in charge of the party was killed, when a private carried on in spite of a severe leg wound. This private rushed the machinegun, his strength was almost spent, but it lasted sufficiently long to enable him to bayonet the enemy gunner. He then fell unconscious without being able to extract the bayonet.
The Americans worked well and gave excellent service. Their admiration for the Australian soldier was unbounded. We, on our part, equally reciprocated those sentiments.
Our companies subsequently established themselves in what had so recently been the Headquarters of the enemy. Set out in them, we found numerous documents and maps. There was also an abundance of food which had evidently been only recently delivered. The enemy was apparently paralysed by the suddenness of our assault, for little trouble was experienced from his field artillery which must have been hastily withdrawn.
Neither, during the day, did he make any serious attempts to retaliate by way of counter-attacks. Our patrols, on the contrary, were very active and searched every locality likely to afford cover. They "mopped-up" as they went. The number of prisoners they sent back was evidence of the completeness with which the job was executed.
At dusk, however, the 11th Brigade had to withstand a very determined counter-attack. The enemy made a strenuous effort to regain the lost territory, but he was driven off with heavy loss. The remainder of the night passed quietly, except upon the adjoining Battalion front, where a "strong point" which had not been mopped-up caused a lot of trouble. Eventually this was dealt with most effectively.
July 5th found the enemy feeling his way back again, and our front line was subjected to heavy "strafing" at intervals.
Our total casualties in this operation were: Two officers and one other ranks killed; forty-eight other ranks wounded. The American losses were: Two officers and three other ranks wounded.
At midnight, July 5th, we were relieved and moved to La Neuville. Here we bivouacked and had breakfast preparatory to marching to Daours, where we were met by omnibuses which conveyed us to Allonville, which was reached by 1 o'clock p.m. on July 6th. The Battalion had been away exactly four days. The band played us in.
News of the good work we had accomplished had long since been passed back and much appreciation and many congratulations were expressed by members of neighbouring units who had assembled to greet us.
WE PART WITH THE AMERICANS
When our bivouac area was reached, the Americans, with much demur, realised that their association with us must now end. Many a short-lived friendship was thus severed but never entirely forgotten.
The Americans expressed a one and only wish, namely, "that they might be allowed always to remain with the Australians!' The men of the platoon of Americans which had been withdrawn at the last moment, were filled with lamentations and made no secret of their disappointment. It might be mentioned that several of them tried various ruses which they thought would enable them to enter the stunt. It is known that in at least two instances, American privates borrowed Australian uniforms and as camouflaged Diggers realised their ambitions. These troops belonged to the 131st American Battalion.
EULOGIES AND MESSAGES OF CONGRATULATION
On the completion of the operation eulogistic expressions were duly received from Brigade, Divisional and Army Commanders, as well as from General Headquarters. Praiseworthy and congratulatory messages were forwarded by the Prime Minister of Great Britain, the Prime Minister of Australia, who was then in London, and a day later, from our own people in Australia through the Governor-General. As to the gains due to this operation the final calculations were as follows:
1500 prisoners, including 60 officers.
150 machine-gun.
73 Minenwerfer guns, light and heavy.
2000 rifles.
100 scout pistols.
A wireless set and a considerable amount of equipment, tools and material.
THE WORK OF THE AIR FORCE
Any account of the Battle of Hamel would be incomplete without reference to the work of the Air Force, which throughout maintained supremacy of the air. For the first time in warfare, ammunition in boxes was delivered to the gunners in the forward area by aeroplanes, and food supplies were dropped by the same means
EXCELLENT WORK BY ALL SERVICES
Medical and signal services were both of them excellently maintained. They stood up to the strain of continuous calls, in fact, there was not one branch, arm or detail that did not carry out all the duties assigned with a precision bordering upon perfection,
A BRIEF RESPITE AT ALLONVILLE
July 6th found us indulging in sports in the Woods of Allonville. Of course the usual training was not forgotten, and though we should have preferred to spend a much longer time in those peaceful and picturesque surroundings, after a week's residence, we were called upon to get on the move again.
Allonville presented itself to us as a typical French estate. There was a particularly fine chateau nestling among the trees which we were given to understand was the country residence of the Hennessy's of Three Star Brandy fame.
Our transfer took us to the Hamel sector. Here on July 17th, during the early hours of the morning, the enemy peppered us with mustard gas. Although he gave us a very generous issue, effective treatment prevented casualties, whilst a fall of rain fortunately cleared the atmosphere very considerably.
We remained in this sector until August 4th, when we proceeded to Corbie. Here we were shown a complete replica of the ground over which our next stunt was to be performed. The exact date was kept a profound secret from us. It was, however, quite evident that the time for the "hop-over" was not far distant. Comprehensive re-fitting and re-equipment were sufficient indications. Our "rest" was now over. The 42nd Battalion was once again ready and alert, straining like a greyhound on the leash.
At length, on August 8th, the curtain went up upon the first scene of what transpired to be "the Last Act' of the Great War.
